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英国卫报上对《帝国的毁灭》一片的评论报道

2005-03-27 18:08:16   来自: 位格 (北京海淀)
  [这个贴子最后由位格在 2005/03/28 02:21am 第 1 次编辑]
  
  How Hitler spent his last days
  A new German film on Hitler's death has freed one old soldier to tell his story at last
  Alex Duval Smith in Munich
  Sunday March 27, 2005
  The Observer
  After nine months in Adolf Hitler's bunker, with Berlin about to fall, Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven was allowed to leave.
  'As Hitler shook my hand and wished me luck, I saw a glint of envy in his eye,' says the 91-year-old former Wehrmacht aide-de-camp. A day later, on 30 April 1945, Hitler was dead and the terrified soldier was in a canoe on Havel River, dodging Soviet shelling, trying to reach the last German-held position in Berlin. Sixty years on, he believes a 'legion of guardian angels' spared him death at the hands of the Soviets, of fanatical Nazis and of 'primitive sentries' who tortured him in a British prisoner-of-war camp.
  
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  Today Baron Freytag von Loringhoven is the only survivor among the close advisers of the Führer - who he says was probably a drug addict. For many years a Germany steeped in guilt did not want to hear his story. Now it has taken a French publisher, Perrin, to release Dans le Bunker de Hitler - his unique account of the days leading up to the suicide of the Führer and his wife Eva Braun. The baron also helped the makers of the film Downfall, which charts Hitler's end and opens in British cinemas on Friday.
  A nobleman from the Baltic states, Freytag von Loringhoven was viewed with suspicion by the Nazis 'who loathed education, real culture and tradition'. Unlike Hitler's secretary, Traudl Junge, whose memoirs were published before her death two years ago, he claims he never fell under the Führer's spell and insists the distinction between the professional Wehrmacht and politicised Waffen-SS was real. 'After the war I had the unpleasant feeling of having served as a combustible, as heating wood, for the adventures of a charlatan,' he says. 'I had served a criminal regime while remaining loyal to my military convictions.'
  It was only as a prisoner of war that he realised the Nazis had murdered Jews 'on an industrial scale', he says. ' We didn't even know the names of the concentration camps.'
  In the bunker, Freytag von Loringhoven observed Hitler divide and rule among sycophants and soldiers. 'He created parallel command structures that competed for resources and he appointed political officers to spy on military professionals. Right until the end, he kept all the cards in his hand.
  'Hitler's only military experience had been as a corporal during the First World War. He knew only one thing - the ' fanatischer Widerstand ' (fanatical resistance), and I can still hear him say the words. Blitzkrieg was not devised by him but by military strategists whom he later sidelined. As soon as we suffered the first setbacks he became deaf to calls to switch to modern, mobile defence techniques. He saw them as defeatist since they sometimes required giving up territory.
  'Hitler could be very aggressive but towards the end he was very controlled. He could be pleasant and even warm. He could be very charming - he was a real Austrian. People were impressed when he asked them questions about their lives. It was a way of controlling them. He played with people.'
  Hitler swore by his doctor, Theodor Morell, a charlatan who gave him glucose injections and stimulants. 'Morell made a lot of money during the war, not least with a louse powder we were given on the eastern front which smelt awful and was useless.' The baron holds Morell in particular contempt: 'I shall never forget how he begged, on 22 and 23 April, when the women were allowed to leave. He sat there like a fat sack of potatoes and begged to fly out. And he did.'
  For the last few months of the war Hitler lived in the fetid air of the bunker, concealed beneath eight metres of concrete, occasionally going outside to play with his dog.
  'Hitler got up at around midday. The main event was the afternoon meeting on the military situation. It would be announced, " Meine Herren, der Führer kommt ", and everyone made the Nazi salute. Hitler entered the room, shook everyone's hand - it was a limp handshake - and sat down. He was the only one allowed to sit at the map table, which he adored because he was obsessed by detail, and occasionally made concessions to older officers, allowing them to sit on a stool.'
  Freytag von Loringhoven, a tall, elegant man with thin bands of gold on the little finger of his left hand and a tweed jacket that looks tailor-made, albeit some time ago, served at Stalingrad. 'I had studied law but the profession was being taken over by the Nazis. My family had been ruined and I had no way of buying my independence. The Wehrmacht seemed an honourable career.'
  Sitting in an armchair in his Munich study, speaking perfect English punctuated by German adjectives, he occasionally reaches into a pile of books to check facts. Maria, the housekeeper who cares for him and his third wife, Herta, 76, has brought coffee. Next to his china cup lie two bound notebooks, marked 'Wartime Log'. In them is an anecdote the baron especially wants Observer readers to hear: 'While I was a prisoner, I met a German counter-intelligence officer. He had been based in Holland and had infiltrated the Dutch resistance movement and learnt the code they used with London. One day he got the idea he wanted a new suit. He sent a message to British intelligence and they answered, 'OK, what are your measurements?" He sent them, and not long afterwards he received a parcel with three Savile Row suits!'
  But the British did not treat the baron well after his capture on 13 May 1945. 'My British guards would not believe I was not a Nazi,' he says. 'For three days, from morning until evening, they forced me to clean my cell and scrape paint off tiles with my nails. They kicked me and poured water on me. At the end of the day they took my wet clothes and forced me to sleep naked on the wet floor.'
  After the war, his wife left him, and he was destitute. A friend gave him work in a publishing firm. He married again and his son is now a diplomat at the German embassy in Moscow. In 1956 he returned to a military career and spent three years in Washington DC as a member of Nato's Standing Group. 'I was the only German officer in the planning group of the Atlantic Alliance, reporting to three superiors who were American, British and French. All had fought against Germany but my background did not prevent us from becoming firm friends.'
  Freytag von Loringhoven agrees with historical opinion that the Treaty of Versailles, signed after the First World War, was a major cause of the second because it humiliated Germany. But he adds: 'There was more. There was a leader who was like no other man I have ever met.'
  

  

2005-03-28 13:50:36  位格 (北京海淀)

  良心没有替罪羊
  南风窗
  
   几天前,由奥利弗西斯贝格导演的德国影片《毁灭》(Der Untergang)开始在法国公映。电影院场场爆满,巴黎媒体更是持续高烧,每天都有人议论这部富有争议的影片。趁热看完之后,笔者相信这是迄今为止反思纳粹罪行的最好影片之一。理由是该片将希特勒还原成一个普通人,而不再让所谓的“魔鬼”充当人类良心的替罪羊。
   该片去年9月份在德国甫一公映便引发争论,因为它打破了一个禁区,“打开了重评纳粹的潘多拉盒子”——西斯贝格将希特勒从魔鬼还原成了人,还原成一个“可能引起人们同情的末路英雄”。在媒体热炒的影响之下,短短一个月内有300万人被劝进了电影院。当月,《汉堡周刊》为这部影片做了17页的专题报道;德国历史学家第45届大会上甚至同意专为该片举行一天辩论;德国前总理科尔也斩钉截铁地说,这部电影拍得很值,希望有更多的人能看到。
   《毁灭》的创作来自历史学家约阿希姆费斯特的《希特勒的末日》(2002)和希特勒最后的女秘书特劳德尔琼格的回忆录《直到最后时刻》(2002)。琼格生于1920年的慕尼黑,22岁时被希特勒选作私人秘书。她一直供职到希特勒自杀并记录了希特勒的遗嘱,最后和一支小分队一起逃出地堡。令许多人不安的是,在这个打字员的记忆里,希特勒是个有教养、受人尊敬,做事斯斯文文的领袖。当她打错了字或做错了其它什么事,希特勒总能宽大为怀。所以,直到希特勒自杀,琼格对他始终心存敬意。该书还透露,希特勒是一个素食主义者,是一个对狗有着深情厚谊的人。与情人爱娃布劳恩结婚前,他还当众吻了她。希特勒多少有些多愁善感,他不让别人在他的办公室里放花,因为花会凋谢,他不喜欢看到死去的东西。影片从琼格的书里提取大量素材,赋予了希特勒极其人性化的一面。
   集体委过的哲学
   对此,德国历史学家戈洛曼批评说,写一个杀人狂的传记,不应该去叙述他如何参加晚会、爱听什么音乐、喜欢波尔多酒还是香槟。因为这些情调都不是历史关键,和纳粹与大屠杀没有任何联系。诺贝尔文学奖得主君特格拉斯也批评说,再现历史时如果省略历史情境是让人难以接受的,它意味着具有某种倾向性与不真实。还有学者分析,《毁灭》的出现,意味着德国民族主义和新纳粹势力的抬头。《毁灭》的制片人伯恩艾钦格则以自我辩护的方式为该片做宣传,“如果说这部电影有价值的话,那就是它不带有任何价值判断”。这个“客观”立场立即遭到了许多媒体与历史学家们的抨击。曾经执导过有关希特勒题材电影的汉斯-于根西贝尔伯格反唇相讥道:希特勒现在的价值只是货币意义上的“价值”,他正像性一样被到处兜售。柏林人民剧院为西贝尔伯格的这番言论下了注脚:该剧院为推销希特勒喊出的口号是,“南非有钻石,科威特石油立国,德国呢?德国有自己的过去。当然,它有点臭。但除此之外,它有个不错的生意,那就是希特勒好卖!”
   来自法国的批评不像德国的自我批评那样激烈,一名电视嘉宾笑着说,该片好就好在不是好莱坞拍的,希特勒终于从头到尾讲德语。法国“集中营子女协会”主席赛吉克拉斯费尔德认为有关争论毫无意义,因为人们混淆了人的私有性与公共性,在现实生活中一个民主人士可能粗野地对待他的秘书,而一个独裁者会温文尔雅地伺奉他的家人,因此该片没有美化希特勒的意思。法国《世界报》记者丹尼尔维内则多了一份警惕之心,自从德国统一以后,德国人开始关心自己国家在世界上的地位,担心他们的将来,于是朝历史看,希望得到一些充实或借鉴;爱国主义正在德国政治中抬头,明显的例子是德国总理施罗德和他的反对派领导人现在都在公开场合打“我们爱我们的国家”这张牌。与此截然不同的是,早在30年前,当时的西德总统古斯塔夫海那曼被问及是否热爱德国时,他的回答是“我爱我的夫人”。
   人性之恶与愚民有术
   笔者以为,种种关于《毁灭》的指责,以及对“希特勒不是人”的坚持,是对人性之恶及其不确定性没有足够的反思——对任何历史人物犯下的错误的思考,都不能归结于上帝和魔鬼,让魔鬼为人性之恶背黑锅。谁也不能说奥斯维辛集中营里的悲剧,是上帝或撒旦制造的——将希特勒比喻成魔鬼并彻底地去人性化,实际上是人类社会一次集体性的默契合谋,既是“完美化”人性,也是在人类之外寻找“良心替罪羊”。仿佛只要把希特勒赶出人类队伍,历史上的滔天罪过,便可以撇得一干二净,便可以洗去深藏于人性深处的卑污。事实上,希特勒的罪行,不过是德国人甚至也包括其他国家人民所有选择合成的结果。归根结底,纳粹的恶是希特勒的恶与德国人民选择或信仰的恶的合流与放大。在这场政治恶剧里,没有多少无辜者,即便是那些不曾作出任何选择的选民——因为放弃就是行动,不选择也是选择。其实质内涵如同二战后马丁尼莫勒牧师撰写的一段碑文:“当初他们杀共产党,我没有作声,因为我不是共产党;后来他们杀犹太人,我没有作声,因为我不是犹太人;再接下来他们杀天主教徒,我仍然保持沉默,因为我不是天主教徒;最后,当他们开始对付我时,已经没有人为我讲话了……”历史风云际会,将一切过错推给某个人是不客观也不真实的。
   古希腊传记作家普鲁塔克在他的《希腊名人比较列传》中说,曾经残酷镇压斯巴达起义的苏拉年轻时天真活泼,脸上挂着笑容,常常会因为同情而潸然泪下。然而到了后来,因为角逐政治权力,苏拉与他的竞争者们都变得残酷无情。所以,路易斯博洛尔说:“政治使人变得罪恶。”然而,政治不足以使罪恶变成毁灭性的大灾难。它的另一个前提是“意识形态使人变得愚蠢”。在《毁灭》结尾,戈培尔夫人之所以将自己的6个孩子全部毒死,是因为她深信没有“国家社会主义”,人类就没有希望和未来,她不能让自己的孩子生活在那样的国家。由此可知,生而为人的纳粹分子,不仅屠杀了犹太人、波兰人,同时也是为意识形态预设的疯狂逻辑的受害者。应当说,这是启蒙运动以来人类预言唯一未来的最大恶果,也是科学昌明的20世纪费尽千辛万苦走出大劫难的人类的最大教训。
   法国著名精神科医生鲍里斯西鲁尔尼克(Boris Cyrulnik)在最新一期《新观察家》上撰文回忆小时候全家在波尔多被捕的情景,他的父母后来都死在奥斯维辛集中营里。西鲁尔尼克说,那些杀人无数的警察一定相信自己是“带来毁灭的天使”。所有的恶行似乎都是对“时代道德”的服从。当“服从”被文化神圣化之后,刽子手不会因为杀人再有任何罪恶感。对于他们来说,服从就是“去责任化”,他们的所作所为只是在社会体制里尽职尽责,就像小说《悲惨世界》里的警察局长一样兢兢业业。当军队、“人神”或哲学家们设计出奇妙的清洗计划时,服从者便会以人类之名去参与反人类的罪行。支持他们的道义与理由是“杀死个耗子当然不算犯罪”。从本质上说,这种服从已经掏空了人成其为人的一切真实意义。
   然而,关于“服从”我们还有一个常识:如果两个人对抗,一方被迫“服从”于另一方,此时“服从”只是表示前者失败了。不幸的是,在意识形态高于一切的年代,生活就像《1984》里的口号“自由即奴役、战争即和平、无知即力量”一样荒诞不经——给刽子手磕头,能磕出美德,若被赏了把屠刀去杀人,同样是为了崇高的理想。至时过境迁,肉食者都会拿制度与“不得不服从”作为他们良心的替罪羊,赎买自己卑劣的人性。
   警惕人性化政客
   如犹太哲学家弗洛姆所说,一切人都是社会化的产物。只有制造魔鬼的文化,没有人天生就是头上长角的魔鬼。所以,与其责骂希特勒骗术高超,不如改进政治,并加倍反省群众为何愚蠢。既然魔鬼都是从人性中提取出来并且百炼成钢,那么对纳粹文化的彻底清算,就应该完成把魔鬼还原到人再将人置于整个社会中的追溯过程,只有这样的反思才是完整的。
   换句话说,希特勒有罪,但不能与魔鬼一起作为人类良心的替罪羊。琼格老人在关于她的纪录片《盲点,希特勒的秘书》中说:“我活得越长,变得越老,就越感到自己有罪。”二战结束之后,她才渐渐知道希特勒、她的这个前老板所犯下的滔天罪行。琼格说,虽然她和其他秘书经常与希特勒共同进餐,但是对外面发生的事情几乎一无所知,“我以为我是所有情报之源,但实际上我处在一个盲点”。据她回忆,希特勒和其他纳粹头子从不当着她的面提到“犹太”这个词。甚至在纳粹分子迫害600万犹太人的大屠杀期间,也没有听到希特勒说过这个词。该记录片在柏林上映后,以色列纳粹监察组织的西蒙威森塔尔表示:“琼格的故事表明,由于很多德国人对希特勒及纳粹党的盲目效忠,大屠杀才会发生。”二战结束后,当琼格通过各种渠道知道“大屠杀”时,她的精神濒临崩溃,开始意识到自己是“活着的最十恶不赦的罪犯”。相信琼格老人的忏悔是真实的。当社会走出被政治手腕与狂热的意识形态绑架的深渊与年代,每个身处其中的人都应该有这种大梦初醒的罪恶之感。让恶魔人性化,“还原为人”的好处是,让我们对那些处处笑脸相迎、迎风流泪的人性化政客保留一份警惕,因为没有哪位饕餮天下的独裁者会长成厉鬼的样子,一走到台上演讲便会被人们指认出来。
   烟云散尽还复来。或许,这个世界上原本没有绝对的善,也没有绝对的恶;没有神,也没有鬼,没有良心替罪羊。左右人类历史的,是婴儿步履一样摇摇晃晃的人性,是无数善的哺育与恶的饲养,是为善为恶的人。善报与恶果注定只能由人类自己担当承受。 □本刊驻欧洲记者 熊培云
  

2005-03-28 13:54:46  位格 (北京海淀)

  德国震撼历史新片:“希特勒地堡的最后十二天”
  
  瑞士演员甘茨扮演的2004版希特勒
  
  1945年4月20日,柏林早已失陷,徒留市民们挣扎求生。直到1945年4月30日在地堡自杀的前一刻,希特勒仍在顽固坚持他那野心勃勃的“伟大计划”,而这是任何一个他那些即将惨遭消灭的士兵和绝望的将军们再也无力实现的。希特勒的最后十二天,如今被制片人贝尔恩特-艾辛格搬上了银幕。
  
  “ 人们看了这个希特勒会感到手脚发冷”
  
  希特勒传记作家约兴姆-费斯特这样评价由瑞士演员甘茨扮演的希特勒。这部长达150分钟的电影是根据费斯特的畅销书『希特勒』和希特勒女秘书永格的回忆录改编而成。
  
  而对演员甘茨来说,扮演希特勒这个角色从来也不是他的梦想,不过“ 演这个角色无论如何还是很有意思的”。尽管甘茨版的希特勒出现在银幕上时,并没有出现“寒气逼人”,但他还是成功地让观众隐约理解了希特勒个人魅力的所在。当年轻的女秘书永格找希特勒应聘职位时,她遇到的希特勒简直是一个善解人意、富有魅力、慈父般的上司。当时的人们几乎完全相信,一切都会重新好起来。影片有的片段甚至会激起人对这个颤栗的人的怜悯,他是完全被胜利冲昏了头脑。
  
  随着影片情节的发展,越接近柏林地堡内部的场景,希特勒的疯狂和非人性就越发凸显。永格从希特勒嘴里第一次听到了关于屠杀犹太人的事情,并与他一样无视所有事实仍然顽固地坚信胜利,并一再炮制于事无补的各种计划。
  
  该片的导演导演希尔施比格尔曾经以『实验』一片获得如潮好评。对这部影片,他“试图去理解当时的情境,当时这些人的行为。影片只是提供一个背景,而不对事件进行判断。”
  
  不评论,只是再现
  
  希尔施比格尔把1945年春的那段历史搬上了银幕。显然他也成功做到了。观众们被影片带进了那场血腥和绝望的旋涡,那场蔑视人道、充斥杀戮的旋涡。与当时的黑白电视完全不同,彩色画面无情地纪录着震人心魄的场面――当希特勒的手下开枪自杀、子弹穿过头部时,镜头凝固了;玛格达-戈培尔(戈培尔的妻子)将氢化钾胶囊喂进年幼的孩子们嘴里――“纳粹之后的世界,不值得他们再活着了,所以我把他们也带上。”(电影原声)
  
  众多的明星,1300万欧元的巨额制作费,令得该片确实在史实基础上成功再现了这一出人道悲剧:揪心,而且震惊。制片人艾辛根说,是时候了,以德国人的观点来透析纳粹的过去。
  
  但是否会激起共鸣呢?答案还是留给观众吧――9月16日起,该影片在德国各地上映。
  

2005-03-28 13:56:41  位格 (北京海淀)

  历史到底该如何展现?——“希特勒地堡的最后十二天”首映引发争议
  
  爱娃、希特勒和施佩尔在一起(剧照)
  
  历史新片“希特勒地堡的最后十二天” 9月16日在德国首映。这部电影一经公映就引起了争议,由于影片里的希特勒形象与以往大相径庭,很多人提出疑问,这样的表现手法行得通吗?
  
  希特勒给德国带来了一段噩梦般的历史,他在以往的各种作品里总是以恶魔的形象出现。但在新片“希特勒最后的十二天”中,导演希尔施比格却大胆地塑造了一个人性化的希特勒,一个有时甚至待人友善的希特勒。影片中有这样一组镜头:在自杀前几个小时,希特勒和他的女厨师以及两个女秘书围坐在一起吃意大利面。四人显然都没什么胃口,他们谁也不开口说话,周围的安静令人极不舒服。当希特勒吃完以后,他仔细地擦净嘴巴,然后非常礼貌地转向厨师,感谢她为大家做了这样一顿“美味可口”的饭菜。现在距二战结束已近六十年,至今还没有人在电影里用如此手法表现过这位纳粹独裁者。希尔施比格的创新之举使得人们议论纷纷,争论的焦点是:历史真能这样演绎吗?
  
  支持者说:“当然可以。”电影的创作空间是无限的,在艺术领域人们可以自由运用简化,夸张甚至变形等各种手法。这种艺术加工在德国讽刺文学里也是屡见不鲜的。赞扬者说,这部电影勇敢地打破了过去的禁忌,从多角度全面塑造了希特勒。除了立体展现第三帝国元首形象,“希特勒地堡的最后十二天”中也穿插了一些社会场景:遭到战争破坏的街道,堆积成山的尸体,对未来感到迷茫的士兵……制片人艾辛格表示,此片的目的是要“贴近历史”,重现过去。不过“大屠杀”并不是这部影片的主题。
  
  批评家则认为,艾辛格和希尔施比格这种对历史进行自由艺术加工的做法不可能受到欢迎。因为影片描述的是一名罪行累累的战争犯如何走向灭亡。这个故事并不感人,所以也不适宜用温情的手法进行处理。而且“坏人内心也有人性的一面”,这种内容早已滥俗,无需重复。另外,对观众而言,贴近一个“恶魔”绝对不是件舒服的事。尽管电影里的希特勒在很多时候仍然显得可怕,不近人情,让人憎恶。但是片中也不乏他对女秘书容格的温情流露、与爱娃深情拥吻的场景。面对这种镜头观众的反应是什么?他们无法接受。他们的潜意识自然而然地对这些画面表示抗拒。
  
  还有人指责这部影片中的配角太过苍白和单调。军工部长施佩尔, 陆军元帅凯特尔,希特勒的情妇爱娃……这些人物的性格并没有经过多元刻画,他们只不过是用来引起情节冲突,吸引观众眼球的戏剧元素。柏林首映式结束以后,影院里的掌声显得稀稀拉拉。有观众表示,这部电影太长,太拖沓。
  
  不过对制片人来说,这部耗资1300万欧元的电影到底是“再现历史”还是“戏说历史”其实也许并不重要,他们更关心的是影片的宣传效果。
  
  本文不代表德国之声观点
  本站网址:www.dw-world.de/chinese
  

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